The Jewish Calendar בע"ה
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the Jewish calendar
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  introduction
  measuring the time
  days
  Shabbat
  parasha
  year
  leap years
  months
  Rosh Chodesh
  flexible months
  New Year
  shmita and jubilee
  galut
  rain and dew
  blessing of the sun
  the four parshyot
  times of prayer
 
measuring the time
Here are the elements that make up the Jewish calendar:

  • The day comprises the day-time and the preceding night. It does not span from midnight to midnight ; rather it starts with night fall, until the next night[1].
  • The week is the group of seven days ending with the Shabbath (from Friday evening to Saturday evening). The first day of the week is Sunday (beginning Saturday night after Shabbat).
  • The Shabbat is the seventh day of the week. That was the day God rested after creating the world in six days[2].
  • The month is linked to the rotation of the Moon around the Earth. This is the period between two new moons in a row.
  • The year is a set of lunar months. But the Jewish ritual also follows the rhythm of the seasons. The Jewish year is a lunisolar combination.

Reference  
1 : Bereshit I, 5 ( Hebrew )
« God called the light day and the darkness He called night. There was evening, there was morning, day One. »
2 : Bereshit II, 1-3 ( Hebrew )
« Heaven and earth were made, and all their contents. God completed what he had done until the seventh day and on the seventh day He rested from all the work He had done. God blessed the seventh day and sanctified it because that day God rested from all the work of creating that He had made. »